List Of Anatomic And Mucociliary Defects That Result In Recurrent Or Opportunistic Infections

The major components of host defense include an anatomic barrier, innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Integrity of the anatomic-mucociliary barrier at the interface between the body and its environment is essential for protection against infection. 

Here is a list of anatomic and mucociliary defects that can result in recurrent or opportunistic infections.

Anatomic defects in upper airways

• Aspiration syndromes ( gastroesophageal reflux, ineffective cough, foreign body )
• Cleft palate, eustachian tube dysfunction
• Adenoidal hypertrophy
• Nasal polyps
• Obstruction of paranasal sinus discharge
• Post-traumatic or congenital sinus tracts ( CSF rhinorrhea )

Anatomic defects in the tracheo-bronchial tree

• Tracheo-esophageal fistula, bronchobiliary fistula
• Pulmonary sequestration, bronchogenic cysts, vascular ring
• Tumor, foreign body or enlarged nodes

Physiologic defects in upper and lower airways

• Primary ciliary dyskinesia syndrome
• Cystic fibrosis, Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
• Bronchiectasis
• Allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis, asthma)
• Chronic cigarette smoke exposure

Other Defects

• Burns
• Chronic atopic dermatitis
• Uretral obstruction, Vesicoureteral reflux
• IV drug use
• Central venous line, artificial heart valve, CSF shunt, peritoneal dialysis catheter, urinary catheter